J. M. Barrie (1860-1937)

Biography

Scottish journalist, playwright, and novelist, J. M. Barrie became world famous with his play PETER PAN or The Boy Who Wouldn't Grow Up (1904), the boy who lived in Never-Never-Never-Land and had a war with Captain Hook. The first name of Peter Pan was almost certainly taken from Peter Llewellyn Davies (1897-1960), one of the several Davies brothers that Barrie knew.
"When the first baby laughed for the first time, the laugh broke into a thousand pieces and they all went skipping about, and that was the beginning of fairies." (from Peter Pan)
James Matthew Barrie was born in the Lowland village of Kirriemuir, in Forfashire. His father, David Barrie was a handloom weaver, and mother, Margaret Ogilvy, the daughter of a stonemason. They had ten children, Barrie was the ninth. Jamie, as he was called, heard tales of pirates from his mother, who read her children R.L. Stevenson's adventure stories in the evenings. When Barrie was seven, his brother David died in a skating accident. David had been the mother's favorite child, and she fell into depression. Barrie tried to gain her affection by dressing up in the dead boy's clothes. The obsessive relationship that grew between mother and son was to mark the whole of his life. After her death Barrie published in 1896 an adoring biography of his mother.
At the age of 13, Barrie left his home village. At school he became interested in theatre and devoured works by such authors as Jules Verne, Mayne Reid, and James Fenimore Cooper. Barrie studied at Dumfries Academy at the University of Edinburgh, receiving his M.A. in 1882. After working as a journalist for the Nottingham Journal, he moved in 1885 with empty pockets to London as a freelance writer. He sold his writings, mostly humorous, to fashionable magazine, such as The Pall Mall Gazette. In his mystery novel, BETTER DEAD (1888), Barrie made jokes of well-known people. Barrie knew such great figures of literature as G.B. Shaw, who did not like his pipe smoking, and H.G. Wells, and could surprise them with his remarks. Once he said to Wells: "It is all very well to be able to write books, but can you waggle your ears?" When a friend noticed that he ordered Brussels sprouts every day, he explained: "I cannot resists ordering them. The words are so lovely to say." With his friends, Jerome K. Jerome, Arthur Conan Doyle, P.G. Wodehouse and others, Barrie founded a cricket club, called Allahakbarries. Doyle was the only member who could actually play cricket. During World War I Barrie made a western film with his literary friends, starring Shaw, William Archer, G.K. Chesterton, etc.
In 1888 Barie gained his first fame with AULD LICHT IDYLLS, sketches of Scottish life. Critics praised its originality. His melodramatic novel, THE LITTLE MINISTER (1891), became a huge success, and was filmed later three times. After its dramatization Barrie wrote mostly for the theater. In 1894 he married Mary Ansell, who had appeared in his play WALKER, LONDON. According to Janet Dunbar's biography (1970), Barrie was impotent. "Boys can't love", was Barrie's explanation to her.
"It's sort of bloom on a woman. If you have it, you don't need to have anything else, and if you don't have it, it doesn't much matter what else you have. Some woman, the few, have charm for all; and most have charm for one. But some have charm for none." (from What Every Woman Knows, 1908)
The Little Minister was a popular stage production in 1897 both in England and in the Unites States, where Barrie began his collaboration with the impresario Charles Frohman and his star Maude Adams. Two of Barrie's best plays, QUALITY STREET, about two sisters who start a school "for genteel children", and THE ADMIRABLE CRICHTON, in which a butler saves a family after a shipwreck, were produced in London in 1902, and also later filmed. In the same year, Peter Pan appeared by name in Barrie's adult novel THE LITTLE WHITE BIRD. It was a first-person narrative about a wealthy bachelor clubman's attachment to a little boy, David. Taking this boy for walks in Kensington Gardens, the narrator tells him of Peter Pan, who can be found in the Gardens at night. Peter Pan was produced for the stage in 1904 but the play had to wait until 1907 to be published in story form by Daniel O'Connor in The Peter Pan Picture Book. Barrie published his own version of the play story in 1911 titled PETER AND WENDY. In the novel's epilogue Peter visits a grown-up Wendy.
"Every time a child says 'I don't believe in fairies' there is a little fairy somewhere that falls down dead." (from Peter Pan)
Peter Pan evolved gradually from the stories that Barrie told to Sylvia Llewelyn Davies's five young sons. She was the daughter of the novelist George du Maurier, and a motherly figure, with whom Barrie formed a long friendship. Arthur, her husband, was not happy about Barrie's invasion of the family. In 1909 Mary Barrie began an affair with the writer Gilbert Cannan and Barrie's marriage ended. When Sylvia Llwelyn Davies and her husband died, Barrie was the unofficial guardian of their sons, but in reality he was perhaps more a sixth child than an adoptive father. George, one of the sons, died in World War I, Michael drowned himself with his boyfriend in Oxford. Michael's death was a deep blow to Barrie. Peter, who become a publisher, committed suicide in 1960.
Peter Pan was first performed at the Duke of York's Theatre, London, in 1904. The fantastic world of Peter Pan had previously been presented in Barrie's The Little White Bird (1902). "All children, except one, grow up. They soon know that they will grow up, and the way Wendy knew this." The story begins in the Bloomsbury flat of the Darlings, which is visited by Peter Pan. He is a boy who has run away from his home to avoid growing up. Like his attendant fairy Tinker Bell, he can fly and teaches the skill to the three Darling children. Wendy Darling with her brothers accompany Peter Pan to Never Land where he lives with the Lost Boys, protected by a tribe of Red Indians. Wendy becomes mother to the boys. When Peter is away, she is captured with all her 'family' by the pirate Captain Hook. They are saved from the walk on the plank by Peter's bravery. Hook is eaten by his nemesis, the crocodile who had swallowed a ticking clock. Peter takes Wendy and her brothers back home but he declines an offer of adoption from Mrs. Darling. Wendy promises visit him every year to do the spring cleaning. - Barrie himself was considered by Freudians a suitable target for analysis. Peter Pan has also been seen as an Oedipal tale. Barrie himself had stopped growing when he reached five feet in height, he suffered from migraines and rarely smiled. Wendy, Peter's girl friend, borrowed her name from Barrie - it was his nickname. W.E. Henley's daughter Margaret called Barrie Friendly-Wendy. The portrait of Wendy owes much to Barrie's mother, and orphaned "little mother" who had to raise her younger brother.
Barrie wrote two more fantasy plays. DEAR BRUTUS (1917) described a group of people who enter a magic wood where they are transformed into the people they might have become had they made different choices. MARY ROSE (1920) was a story of a mother, who is searching for her lost child. Eventually she becomes a ghost. WHAT EVERY WOMAN KNOWS (1908) portrayed a determined woman, Maggie, whose husband eventually realizes that he owes his success to her. In 1913 Barrie became a baronet and in 1922 he received the Order of Merit. Barrie's penthouse at Adelphi Terrace was visited by ministers, duchesses, movie stars, such as Charlie Chaplin, and a number of admirers, whom he occasionally helped with money or advise. Even in his old age, Barrie could play enthusiastically Captain Hook and Peter Pan with the son of his secretary, Lady Cynthia Asquith. Barrie was elected lord rector of St. Andrew's University and in 1930 chancellor of Edinburgh University. Barrie died on June 3, 1937.
For further reading: Barrie: The Story of a Genius by J.A. Hammerton (1929); The Story of J.M.B. (Sir James Barrie) by Denis Mackail (1941); Fifty Years of Peter Pan by R.L. Green (1954); Portrait of Barrie by Cynthia Asquith (1954); J.M. Barrie by R.L. Green (1961); J.M. Barrie: The Man Behind the Image by Janet Dunbar (1970); J.M. Barrie and the Lost Boys by Andrew Birkin (1979) The Case of Peter Pan by J. Rose (1984); J.M. Barrie by Leonée Ormond (1987); The Peter Pan Chronicles by Bruce K. Hanson (1993); J.M. Barrie: The Magic Behind Peter Pan by Susan Bivin Aller (1994); Peter Pan: The Story of Lost Childhood by Kathleen Kelley-Laine (1997)


Selected works:
* BANDOLERO, THE BANDIT, 1877 (play, prod. 1877)
* CAUGHT NAPPING, 1883 (privately printed)
* THE NEW AMPHION, 1886
* AULD LICHT IDYLLS, 1888
* BETTER DEAD, 1888
* WHEN A MAN'S SINGLE, 1888
* A WINDOW IN THE THRUMS, 1889
* AN EDINBURGH ELEVEN, 1889
* MY LADY NICOTINE, 1890
* THE LITTLE MINISTER, 1891
* IBSEN'S GHOST, 1891 (play, prod. 1891, privately printed 1931)
* RICHARD SAVAGE, 1891 (play, with H.B. Marriot-Watson)
* A HOLIDAY IN BED / LIFE IN A COUNTRY MANSE, 1892
* WALKER, LONDON, 1892 (play, prod. 1892)
* PROFESSOR'S LOVE STORY, 1892 (play, prod. 1892)
* TILLYLOSS SCANDAL, 1893
* TWO OF THEM, 1893
* BECKY SHARP, 1893 (adaptation of the novel Vanity Fair by W.M. Thackeray)
* AN AULD LICHT MANSE, 1893
* SCOTLAND'S LAMENT, 1895 (privately printed)
* JANE ANNIE, 1893 (with A. Conan Doyle)
* MARGARET OGILVY, 1896
* TOMMY AND GRIZEL, 1896
* SENTIMENTAL TOMMY: THE STORY OF HIS BOYHOOD, 1896 (film adapatation 1921)
* A PLATONIC FRIENDSHIP, 1898 (play, prod. in London 1898)
* THE WEDDING GUEST, 1900
* QUALITY STREET, 1902 (film adaptation 1927, and 1937, dir. by George Stevens, starring Katherine Hepburn, Franchot Tone, Fay Bainter, Eric Blore)
* THE LITTLE WHITE BIRD, 1902 (note: Peter Pan appeared first time)
* THE ADMIRABLE CRICHTON, 1902 (play, prod. in London 1902, film adaptations 1918, and 1957, dir. by Lewis Gilbert, starring Kenneth More, Diane Cilento, Cecil Parker)
* PETER PAN: OR THE BOY WHO WOULD NOT GROW UP, 1904
Play not published until 1928. Story version of the play by Daniel O'Connor Published 1907.
Story version of the play by Barrie himself published 1911.
Innumerable editions over the last 100 years featuring many illustrators.
Peter Pan - films: first movie version in 1924; Disney's animated movie in 1954; TV movie in 1976; Hook in 1991. New movie version in 2004.
* PANTALOON, 1905 (play, prod. in London and New York 1905)
* ALICE SIT-BY-THE-FIRE, 1905 (play, prod. in London and New York 1905)
* JOSEPHINE, 1906 (play)
* PUNCH, 1906 (play)
* PETER PAN IN KENSINGTON GARDENS, 1906
* WALKER, LONDON, 1907
* WHAT EVERY WOMAN KNOWS, 1908 (play)
* WHEN WENDY GREW UP: AN AFTERTHOUGHT, 1908
* OLD FRIENDS, 1910 (play)
* A SLICE OF LIFE, 1910 (play)
* THE TWELVE-POUND LOOK, 1910 (play)
* PETER AND WENDY, 1911
* ROSALIND, 1912 (play)
* THE DRAMATIST GET WHAT THEY WANT, 1912 (play)
* THE WILL, 1913 (play)
* HALF AN HOUR, 1913 (play)
* THE ADORED ONE, 1913 (play)
* HALF HOURS, 1914 (play)
* DER TAG, 1914 (play)
* ROSY RAPTURE, THE PRIDE OF THE BEAUTY CHORUS, 1915 (play)
* THE FATAL TYPIST, 1915 (play)
* THE NEW WORD, 1915 (play)
* THE LITTLE MINISTER, 1915 (screenplay, film adaptations 1915, 1921, and 1934, dir. by Richard Wallace, starring Katherine Hepburn, Joen Beal)
* A KISS FOR CINDERELLA, 1916 (film adaptation 1925)
* THE REAL THING AT LAST, 1916 (play, also screenplay)
* IRENE VANBRUGH'S PANTOMIME, 1916 (play)
* SHAKESPEARE'S LEGACY, 1916 (play, privately printed)
* A KISS FOR CINDERELLA, 1916 (play)
* DEAR BRUTUS, 1917
* THE OLD LADY SHOWS HER MEDALS, 1917 (play)
* RECONSTRUCTING THE CRIME, 1917 (play)
* DEAR BRUTUS, 1917 (play)
* WHAT EVERY WOMAN KNOWS, 1917 (film adaptations 1917, 1921, and 1934, dir. by Gregory La Cava, starring Helena Hayes, Brian Aherne, Madge Evans, Lucile Watson)
* A WELL-REMEMBERED VOICE, 1918 (play)
* ECHOES OF THE WAR, 1918
* THE TRUTH ABOUT THE RUSSIAN DANCERS, 1920 (play)
* MARY ROSE, 1920 (play)
* SHALL WE JOIN THE LADIES, 1921 (play, with L.E. Jones)
* NEIL AND TINTINNABULUM, 1925 (play, privately printed)
* REPRESENTANTIVE PLAYS, 1926
* BARBARA'S WEDDING, 1927
* THE PLAYS OF J.M. BARRIE (includes Peter Pan), 1928
* FAREWELL, MISS JULIE LOGAN: A WINTRY TALE, 1931 (a Christmas supplement to the Times in memory of Charles Dickens's Christmas Book)
* THE BOY DAVID, 1936 (play)
* Film adaptation: William Shakespeare's As You Like It (script J.M. Barrie and Robert Cullen, film 1936, dir. by Paul Czinner, starring Elisabeth Berger, Laurence Olivier, Sophie Stewart. "There are far too many dull middle-length shots from a fixed camera, so that we might just as well be seated in the circle above the deep wide stage at Drury Lane." Graham Greene)
* UNIFORM EDITION OF THE WORKS AND PLAYS, 1913-1937
* THE GREENWOOD HAT, 1937
* THE BOY DAVID, 1938
* M'CONNACHIE AND J.M.B.: SPEECHES, 1938
* LETTERS, 1942
* THE PLAYS, 1942 (rev. 1947)
* MARY ROSE, 1947
* FIFTY YEARS OF PETER PAN, 1954
* WHEN WENDY GREW UP, 1957
* PLAYS AND STORIES, 1962

 

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